MA ENGLISH FIRST YEAR PAPER 3 : LINGUISTICS

  

Q1. What’s The Difference Between Acronyms vs. Abbreviations?

Q2. What is an abbreviation?

Q3. What is an acronym?

A1. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word used in place of the full word (e.g., Corp.). An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of each of the words in a phrase or name (e.g., NASA or laser). Abbreviations and acronyms are treated similarly in NREL publications.

What is an abbreviation? An abbreviation is any shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase. Did you catch the word any in there? That means abbreviation is the blanket term for all these shortened words we’ve all been using on social media.  Rly is a great example … we just took out the vowels—who needs ‘em—and now it’s an abbreviation.

What is an acronym? For one, acronyms are types of abbreviations. Specifically, an acronym is a specific type of abbreviation formed from the first letters of a multi-word term, name, or phrase, with those letters pronounced together as one term.  OPEC—or the O(rganization of) P(etroleum) E(xporting) C(ountries)—is an acronym because we pronounce it as one word, oh-pek.

Q1. What are Phonology and Morphology

Q2. How they depend one another

Q3. What is  Linguistics

What is Phonology?

Phonology studies of

What is Morphology?

In morphology, we study

A1. phonology deals with sounds and morphology deals with words.  The terms, phonology and morphology, are from the Linguistics subject field Phonology and morphology are some of the main sub branches in Linguistic analysis of languages.

A2. Phonology is the study of sounds and sound systems in languages. Morphology mainly deals with the words in a language. Both these subject areas are important in analyzing a language.

A3. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It deals with the phonological, morphological, syntactical and semantic areas in languages

Phonology mainly deals with the sound system of language. It considers how sounds in languages are organized systematically in languages. All the words we pronounce in languages are systematic combination of sounds. There are more than 5000 languages around the world and these languages have different sound combinations. Phonology studies of these various combinations.

Word in any language conveys a linguistic meaning and the words have been formed with a collection of sounds. However, sounds cannot be joined randomly. There are rules and possibilities in all the languages concerning the sound arrangements. Phonology studies of these various rules and patterns. It gives a scientific explanation on how sounds function within a language, encoding different meanings. Moreover, linguists regard Phonology to be belonged to theoretical linguistics. Phonology does not focus only on sound systems, but also it focuses on syllable structure, tone of speech, accent, stress and intonation, etc., which are known as suprasegmental features in a language. Further, Phonological studies have their focus on sign language as well.

What is Morphology? Morphology is the study of words or morphemes, the smallest units in a language. Every language has its own system of sound combinations and theses sounds together form a word. Morpheme is known as the smallest unit in a particular language. While sounds join to make words, words connect to form phrases or sentences. Words play an important role in any language and linguists have defined words in many ways.

According to the famous linguist, Leonard Bloomfield word in the minimal free unit. In morphology, we study all these theories and concepts and try to analyze the word and functions of a word. Morphology does not limit itself to the words only. It also studies the affixes (prefixes and suffixes), parts of speech, intonation, stress, and sometimes goes into the semantic level as well. When we look at languages, we can identify both free and bound words. Bound words are formed by adding one or more affixes together to a single word. Morphology studies about these word formation patterns and also it gives a scientific analysis to the word formation in languages

Q1. Difference between Entailment and Presupposition

Q2. key difference between entailment and presupposition

Q3. What is an Entailment?

Q4. Give some Example of Entailment

Q5. What is a Presupposition?

Q6. Example of Presupposition

A1.Entailment is a logical relation in which the truth of one or more propositions guarantees the truth of another proposition.  Presupposition is a relation in which one proposition takes for granted the truth of another proposition (or that it is uncontroversial).

The key difference between entailment and presupposition is that entailment is the relationship between two sentences whereas presupposition is an assumption made by the speaker prior to making an utterance.

Entailment is the relationship between two sentences/propositions, where the truth of one proposition implies the truth of the other since both of them are involved with the meaning of words. It’s the sentences, not speakers that have entailments. Entailments also depend on the meaning of the sentence, not the meaning of the context.

For example, The terrorists assassinated the king. The king died. The terrorists assassinated someone. b) and c) are true because sentence a) is true. Thus, their truth depends on the meaning of the utterance.

A presupposition is something that the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. It’s the speakers, not the sentences that have presuppositions.

For example, if someone tells you, ‘Jane’s sister got married’, there’s an obvious presupposition that Jane has a sister.

Q1. 6Types of  Presupposition

Existential Presupposition

Factive Presupposition:

Lexical Presupposition:

Structural Presupposition:

Non- factive Presupposition:

Existential Presupposition: The speaker presupposes the existence of the entities. Ex: Marie’s house is new. Marie exists. Marie has a house.

Factive Presupposition: Certain verbs or constructions indicate that something is a fact. Ex: I regret believing him. I believed him. I’m glad it’s over. It’s over.

Lexical Presupposition: The speaker can convey another meaning using one word He called me again. He called me before. She gave up smoking. She used to smoke.

Structural Presupposition: Use of certain words and phrases makes some presuppositions. When did you call her? You called her. Why did you buy this dress? You bought a dress.

Non- factive Presupposition: Certain words indicate that some things are not true. I pretended to agree with her. I did not agree with her. She dreamt she was rich. She is not rich.

Q1. What is Psycholinguistics : Definition 1

Q2. What is Psycholinguistics : Definition 2

Q3. The term psycholinguistics was introduced by…

Q4. The term psycholinguistics was popularized by…

Q5. What says Alan Garnham for psycholinguistics in his book, "Psycholinguistics: Central Topics."

Q6. In the book, "Contemporary Linguistics," linguistics expert William O'Grady explains,

A1. Psycholinguistics is the discipline that investigates and describes the psychological processes that make it possible for humans to master and use language. Psycholinguists conduct research on speech development and language development and how individuals of all ages comprehend and produce language.

A2. Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental aspects of language and speech. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which language is represented and processed in the brain.

A3. The term psycholinguistics was introduced by American psychologist Jacob Robert Kantor in his 1936 book, "An Objective Psychology of Grammar."

A4. The term was popularized by one of Kantor's students, Nicholas Henry Pronko, in a 1946 article "Language and Psycholinguistics: A Review." The emergence of psycholinguistics as an academic discipline is generally linked to an influential seminar at Cornell University in 1951.

A5. "Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental mechanisms that make it possible for people to use language. It is a scientific discipline whose goal is a coherent theory of the way in which language is produced and understood,"

A6. "Psycholinguists study how word meaning, sentence meaning, and discourse meaning are computed and represented in the mind.  They study how complex words and sentences are composed in speech and how they are broken down into their constituents in the acts of listening and reading.